Deputization of State and Local Law Enforcement Officers for Immigration Enforcement

As part of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Congress gave the Attorney General of the United States the power to enter into
written agreements with states and municipalities that would allow specially-trained state and local law enforcement officers to perform the functions of a federal immigration
officer. Agreements concluded under this section (8 U.S.C. § 1357(g)) permit such officers to investigate, apprehend, and detain undocumented immigrants.

To date, only two states have concluded agreements under this section. Florida concluded the first such agreement, called a memorandum of understanding (MOU), in
June 2002. The memorandum was due to expire in September 2003, but was renewed for another year. Under the Florida MOU, the primary limitation on the activities of the
35 specially-trained state law enforcement officers is that they can only engage in immigration enforcement functions when taking part in security or counter-terrorism
operations which are supervised by federal immigration officers.

Alabama became the second state to enter into a memorandum of understanding with federal immigration authorities, doing so in October 2003. Currently, there are 21
Alabama state troopers who have been certified to enforce federal immigration law. According to statements by the Alabama Department of Public Safety, these officers
will not participate in large-scale sweeps for undocumented immigrants. They will only engage in immigration law enforcement activities when the occasion to do so
arises during the course of their normal duties.

Virginia is currently in the process of negotiating a similar memorandum of understanding with the federal government. Virginia officials propose to train approximately 50
state officers and then post them around the state, with at least one attached to each of Virginia’s 24 local drug task forces.

In response to 8 U.S.C. § 1357(g), a large number of state and local governments have taken actions designed to prevent or deter such deputization of their law enforcement
agencies. (Other states and localities already had similar laws in effect.) States and localities which have taken such action include: Alaska, Oregon, Anchorage, AK,
Fairbanks, AK, Chandler, AZ, Fresno, CA, Los Angeles, CA, San Diego, CA, San Francisco, CA, Sonoma County, CA, Evanston, IL, Cicero, IL, Cambridge, MA,
Orleans, MA, Portland, ME, Baltimore, MD, Takoma Park, MD, Ann Arbor, MI, Detroit, MI, Minneapolis, MN, Durham, NC, Albuquerque, NM, Aztec, NM, Rio Arriba, NM,
Santa Fe, NM, New York, NY, Ashland, OR, Gaston, OR, Marion County, OR, Austin, TX, Houston, TX, Katy, TX, and Madison, WI. The degree to which each of these
laws and ordinances permits local law enforcement officials to enter into agreements with federal immigration officials varies.

Some jurisdictions, including many police forces, argue that knowing that some police officers have the power to enforce federal immigration laws discourages
undocumented immigrants from coming forward to report crimes or act as witnesses. Many police forces also argue that this would undermine the trust and relationships
that they have worked to build with their local immigrant communities. Some critics of the deputizing agreements argue that the agreements could lead to racial profiling
and violations of the civil rights of some groups.